Education level is the highest level of education ever/currently pursued when the respondent was interviewed, which is divided into no school/never attended school, elementary school/Islamic elementary school, junior high school/Islamic junior high school, senior high school/vocational high school/Islamic senior high school, D2/D3, D4/S1, S2/S3. The percentage of the highest level of education ever/currently pursued by respondents is based on the respondent’s area of ​​residence in the village/city in each HDSS data collection wave.